How to Write a Research Paper: Step by Step
A sequential account of the drafting process, from outline to submission-ready manuscript.
A step-by-step description of the standard IMRaD structure, the order in which sections are most efficiently drafted, and the revision practices that distinguish acceptable from publishable work.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long should a research paper be?
Original research articles typically range from 4,000 to 8,000 words, though disciplinary norms and journal-specific limits should be consulted before drafting.
Should figures be prepared before or after the results section is written?
Figures are most efficiently prepared in parallel with the results, since the order of figures often dictates the order of the prose.
How many references are appropriate?
Reference counts vary by discipline, but a focused empirical paper commonly cites 30–60 sources. Quality and relevance matter considerably more than volume.
Is co-authorship advisable for first-time authors?
Working alongside an experienced co-author markedly improves both the quality of the manuscript and the likelihood of acceptance, provided contributions are properly attributed.