Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research (GJETR)

Sustainable Packaging Innovations and Their Environmental Impact: A Global Systematic Review

Njende, Irene Nganja

19 June 2026 · Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp. 250-259

DOI: 10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E6/2026-07

Abstract

Conventional packaging systems based on fossil-derived polymers, glass, aluminium, and steel impose substantial environmental burdens across their life cycles, contributing approximately 1.8 billion metric tons of CO₂-equivalent emissions annually. As the rapidly growing body of research remains methodologically inconsistent and geographically skewed toward high-income economies, a rigorous synthesis is required to quantify achievable environmental gains, identify determinants of performance variability, and support evidence-based policy development. This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines where nine bibliographic databases were searched alongside grey literature sources. Eligible studies assessed quantified environmental outcomes of sustainable packaging innovations relative to conventional baselines, using life-cycle assessment (LCA) or equivalent empirical methodologies. Study quality was appraised using an ISO 14040/14044-aligned checklist; heterogeneity was quantified with I² statistics; and a random-effects meta-analysis (DerSimonian–Laird) was conducted where sufficient comparability existed. The pooled meta-analytic estimate indicated that sustainable packaging innovations reduced global warming potential (GWP) by a mean of 28% (95% CI: 17–40%) relative to conventional comparators (I² = 61%). Reuse and refill systems yielded the greatest reductions (median GWP: −40 to −60%), contingent on achieving >10–15 reuse cycles. Regional and funding-source subgroup analyses revealed that European studies reported higher GWP reductions (−35%) than North American studies (−22%), and that industry-funded LCAs reported benefits approximately 15 percentage points greater than independent assessments. Sustainable packaging innovations offer measurable life-cycle environmental benefits, but their magnitude is highly context-dependent, being shaped by end-of-life infrastructure, system boundary selection, and allocation methodology.

Keywords: Sustainable Packaging, Life Cycle Assessment, Global Warming Potential, Circular Economy, Reusable Packaging.

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Njende, & Irene Nganja (2026). Sustainable Packaging Innovations and Their Environmental Impact: A Global Systematic Review. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2(6), 250-259. https://doi.org/10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E6/2026-07

@article{Njende2026,
  title   = {Sustainable Packaging Innovations and Their Environmental Impact: A Global Systematic Review},
  author  = {Njende and Irene Nganja},
  journal = {Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research},
  year    = {2026},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {250-259},
  doi     = {10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E6/2026-07},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E6/2026-07}
}

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