Last updated: May 2026 · 5 min read · Audience: Authors, students, early-career researchers · Reading level: Introductory
Key points
- An abstract should be a self-contained summary of your entire paper: background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions.
- Most journals set a word limit of 150–300 words. Do not exceed it.
- Write the abstract last — after the full paper is complete — so it accurately reflects the final content.
- Include your most important quantitative findings: effect sizes, significance values, sample sizes.
- Avoid citations, acronyms, and jargon that require the full paper to interpret.
The IMRaD abstract structure
Most scientific abstracts follow the IMRaD structure — Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion/Conclusions. Some journals use a formally structured abstract with explicit subheadings.
| Section | What to write | Approx. words |
|---|---|---|
| Background | Why is this topic important? What gap does your study address? | 30–50 |
| Objective | What specific question did you ask or hypothesis did you test? | 20–30 |
| Methods | Study design, participants/data, key analysis approach. | 40–60 |
| Results | Main findings with key numbers. Be specific. | 50–70 |
| Conclusion | What do the findings mean? What is the take-home message? | 20–40 |
What to avoid
- Citations: Abstracts should stand alone. Move any references to the Introduction.
- Undefined acronyms: Define every abbreviation the first time it appears in the abstract.
- Hedged conclusions: State what your results showed, not that more work is needed.
- Sentences that describe the paper rather than the research: Write We investigated not This paper investigates.
Keywords
Most journals ask for 4–8 keywords to accompany the abstract. Choose terms that are specific enough to attract the right readers but broad enough to appear in real searches.
Frequently asked questions
Related reading and next steps
Editorial enquiries
Questions about this guide or about preparing a manuscript for submission may be directed to the editorial office. Where a query relates to a specific journal in the portfolio, please indicate the journal abbreviation in your message.
Email: editor@ep-journals.org