Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research (GJETR) · Research article · Open access
Gaze-Based Interaction on Commodity Hardware: A Survey of Appearance-Based Estimation, Selection Techniques, And Multimodal Error Correction
ZIA RASHEED, Darda Rahman, Mehmoona Akram
31 August 2026 · Vol. 2, Issue 8, pp. 374-376
DOI: 10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E8/2026-07
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What is this article about?
Eye gaze is the fastest natural pointing signal available to interactive systems, but for three decades accurate gaze interaction has remained tied to dedicated infrared eyetracking hardware. The convergence of deep appearance-based gaze estimation, ubiquitous front-facing cameras, and on-device neural inference has opened a credible path to gaze interaction on unmodified consumer devices, and with it a distinct research agenda whose problems differ from those of laboratory eye tracking.
Article at a glance
- Published
- 31 August 2026
- Volume / issue / pages
- Vol. 2, Issue 8, pp. 374-376
- ISSN
- 3051-3782 (online) · 3051-3774 (print)
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0 — free to read and reuse with attribution
- Peer review
- Double-blind, at least two independent reviewers
- Publisher
- EP Journals Group
Abstract
Eye gaze is the fastest natural pointing signal available to interactive systems, but for three decades accurate gaze interaction has remained tied to dedicated infrared eyetracking hardware. The convergence of deep appearance-based gaze estimation, ubiquitous front-facing cameras, and on-device neural inference has opened a credible path to gaze interaction on unmodified consumer devices, and with it a distinct research agenda whose problems differ from those of laboratory eye tracking. This survey reviews that agenda across three layers. First, appearance-based gaze estimation: the CNN architectures, large-scale datasets, calibration strategies, and head-pose handling techniques that determine achievable accuracy on RGB cameras, and the persistent gap between benchmark and in-use performance. Second, gaze as an input modality: dwellbased selection, the Midas-touch problem, and the design space of confirmation mechanisms, smoothing filters, and target-aware interfaces that convert noisy fixation estimates into reliable selection. Third, the emerging layer of multimodal and implicit error correction, including physiological and behavioural signals as post-hoc feedback for detecting and repairing erroneous selections — an approach that relocates robustness from prevention to recovery. The survey synthesises evaluation practices across the three layers, identifies the accessibility deployment context as both the most demanding testbed and the strongest motivation for the field, and sets out open problems in personalisation, drift, privacy-preserving on-device processing, and the extension of gaze interaction to spatial computing platforms.
Keywords: gaze estimation, eye tracking, human–computer interaction, appearance-based methods, dwell selection, Midas touch, multimodal interaction, survey
Cite this article
ZIA RASHEED, Darda Rahman, & Mehmoona Akram (2026). Gaze-Based Interaction on Commodity Hardware: A Survey of Appearance-Based Estimation, Selection Techniques, And Multimodal Error Correction. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2(8), 374-376. https://doi.org/10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E8/2026-07
@article{ZIA2026,
title = {Gaze-Based Interaction on Commodity Hardware: A Survey of Appearance-Based Estimation, Selection Techniques, And Multimodal Error Correction},
author = {ZIA RASHEED and Darda Rahman and Mehmoona Akram},
journal = {Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research},
year = {2026},
volume = {2},
number = {8},
pages = {374-376},
doi = {10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E8/2026-07},
url = {https://doi.org/10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E8/2026-07}
}Questions about this article
Who wrote this article?
ZIA RASHEED, Darda Rahman, Mehmoona Akram.
Where and when was it published?
In Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, Volume 2, Issue 8, pages 374-376, published by EP Journals Group on 31 August 2026.
Is this article free to read?
Yes. It is open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) licence, so anyone can read, share and reuse it with attribution.
What is the DOI of this article?
10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E8/2026-07 (https://doi.org/10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E8/2026-07).
How do I cite this article?
APA: ZIA RASHEED, Darda Rahman, & Mehmoona Akram (2026). Gaze-Based Interaction on Commodity Hardware: A Survey of Appearance-Based Estimation, Selection Techniques, And Multimodal Error Correction. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2(8), 374-376. https://doi.org/10.65150/EP-gjetr/V2E8/2026-07
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